The airliner Pan Am 103 was flying from Heathrow to New York on 21 December 1988, when a terrorist bomb exploded in its hold at 31,000ft.
All 259 passengers and crew were killed, along with 11 people whose homes were destroyed when the wreckage fell on the Scottish town.
Prayers were read and a series of silences held before wreaths were today laid at the base of a memorial containing the names of all 270 victims of the tragedy.
The Queen's representative, Lord Lieutenant for Dumfriesshire Fiona Armstrong, laid the first tribute as a piper player in the cemetery.
She was followed by Scotland's Lord Advocate James Wolffe QC and Scottish Secretary David Mundell.
Pupils from local schools and Scouts and Guides groups and representatives of the emergency services laid flowers before the families of victims approached the memorial.
Rev Susan Brown, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, said: "Scars from 30 years ago remain – they leave a mark that can never be removed, but while they will not disappear altogether and while we would never want to forget the horrendous cost of that single hateful act, we realise all the more acutely the sweetness of life and the need for it to be lived to the full."
Mr Mundell, who is from the town, said ahead of the service: "On this 30th anniversary of the bombing of Flight 103 over Lockerbie, my thoughts and prayers are with the family and friends of the 270 men, women and children who perished on that terrible night, and everyone else whose life has been touched by the event.
"Lockerbie lost its anonymity that night. We went from a quiet small town to a centre of global attention in a few seconds.
"That was the scale of the challenge local people have faced, aside from the horrors of the air disaster itself.
"It has not been easy, nor have we been able to achieve the closure we would have wanted, even after 30 years.
"However, throughout, the people in Lockerbie have retained their dignity and stoicism, and offered friendship and support to those who lost loved ones."
The majority of those on board the jet were American citizens, including 35 students of Syracuse University in New York State.
A memorial will be held at the university, and around 500 people are expected to gather at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia where a cairn made from Lockerbie stone stands in memory of those who died.
Pam Am Flight 103 was blown up by the detonation of an explosive stored in a suitcase in the plane hold.
Many believe the atrocity was committed in revenge for the downing of an Iran Air passenger flight by a US missile cruiser earlier in 1988.
The only person ever convicted of the bombing, former Libyan intelligence officer Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, died in 2012 after being released from Greenock jail on compassionate grounds.
His family and some relatives of the Lockerbie victims believe he was the victim of a miscarriage of justice and are fighting to clear his name.
The Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission is currently determining whether a fresh appeal against the conviction should proceed to the courts.
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