Just months before undertaking the most forbidding journey in his life as a young missionary to a remote Indian Ocean island, John Allen Chau was blindfolded and dropped off on a dirt road in a remote part of Kansas.
After a long walk, he found a mock village in the woods inhabited by missionaries dressed in odd thrift-store clothes, pretending not to understand a word he said. His role was to preach the gospel. The others were supposed to be physically aggressive. Some came at him with fake spears, speaking gibberish.
Chau was an Instagram adventurer who also led missionary trips abroad.Credit:Instagram/johnachau
It was part of an intensive and somewhat secretive three-week missionary training camp. Mary Ho, the international executive leader for All Nations, the organisation that ran the training, said, "John was one of the best participants in this experience that we have ever had."
For Chau, 26, the boot camp was the culmination of years of meticulous planning that involved linguistics training and studying to become an emergency medical technician, as well as forgoing full-time jobs so he could travel and toughen himself up.
He did it all with the single-minded goal of breaking through to the people of North Sentinel Island, a remote outpost of hunters and gatherers in the Andaman Sea who had shown tremendous hostility to outsiders.
A seaside park in Port Blair, where Chau spent 11 days before setting off for North Sentinel Island.Credit:Saumya Khandelwal
It was an obsession. Ever since Chau had learned in high school through a missionary website, the Joshua Project, that the North Sentinel people were perhaps the most isolated in the world, he was hooked. Much of what he did the rest of his short life was directed toward this mission.
He would pull up Google Maps and point to a green speck in a place no one had ever heard of — the Andaman Islands, far off the coast of India — and tell his friends with a buoyant smile: "I'm going there."
In the 21st century, it is a marvel that a place like North Sentinel even exists.
A tropical island, it is home to a few dozen people living a lifestyle thousands of years old and speaking a language no outsiders understand. Visitors have been driven back and killed by islanders armed with bows and arrows. Chau knew this.
A review of hundreds of pages of his journals and blog posts, as well as interviews with two dozen people from around the world — fellow missionaries, family members and relatives of fishermen in the Andaman Islands — reveal a portrait of a joyful adventurer with a zest for life who resisted all warnings, despite being told repeatedly he might be killed.
Chau, right, died trying to meet and convert one of the most isolated hunter-and-gatherer tribes in the world. Credit:AP
"My folks tried to talk him out of it," said John Ramsey, a friend. "He said it was what he felt called to do, and he was pretty made up in his mind already so it didn't seem like persuasion would do a lot of good anyway."
As he prepared for the mission, Chau stepped up his exercise routine, doing push-ups, jogging and being careful what he ate.
Friends said he did not expect to die and had taken all precautions he could think of to survive, including packing what he called an "initial contact response kit'' with dental forceps to remove arrows.
Many of his friends admitted they knew the mission was extremely dangerous — and illegal because for years the Indian government has prohibited outsiders from visiting the island.
But they also said they were in awe of what he was trying to do, seeing Chau as a pure expression of their faith.
His mission failed. After landing on North Sentinel in mid-November wearing only black underpants — Chau thought that would make the islanders feel more comfortable — he struggled to communicate.
The islanders were aggressive, as they have been with just about everyone else who had tried to make contact with them.
They shouted at him. They shot arrows. Then they killed him.
His body is still on the beach. Indian police officers are afraid to retrieve it, lest they increase the hostilities.
His friends mourn the loss of someone they describe as a real character: good-looking but perennially single, always exploring, even landing a beef jerky sponsorship that gave him all the free jerky he could eat for his travels.
Fishermen pull in boats, including one that took John Allen Chau to North Sentinel Island.Credit:Saumya Khandelwal
But many fellow Christians, including some of his friends, are uncomfortable with what he did.
"He was caught up in a dangerous set of ideologies that helped drive him to do something so unwise," said Kaleb Graves, a student pastor in Arkansas who befriended Chau at a linguistics institute last year.
"He should have known better."
Missionary Work: A Perfect Fit
Chau grew up in Vancouver in Washington state, not far from Portland, Oregon. The youngest of three children, he is the son of an American mother, who is a lawyer, and a Chinese father, a psychiatrist.
He is of the generation that has put his entire life — even before it actually started — online, including pictures of his young father during Mao's Cultural Revolution. His father, Patrick, said he disagreed with his son about many religious matters and did not want him going to North Sentinel but was "in the dark most of the time" about what his son was doing.
Chau attended a Christian high school and then Oral Roberts University, a fundamentalist Christian school, where people remembered how positive and open he was.
"Having a conversation with John was like having a conversation with someone who reached out their hand and put it on your heart to feel the way it beats," said Nicole Hopkins, a college friend.
"When he looked at me, it was like someone really saw me," she said, "like I could take off any mask of who I pretended to be."
His heroes were naturalist John Muir and Jim Elliot, an American evangelical missionary killed in Ecuador, and friends said missionary work was the perfect fit.
It united his two interests: travelling to far-flung places and serving God.
'He Was Well Aware of the Dangers'
In the Book of Matthew, the resurrected Jesus says: "Go and make disciples of all nations, baptising them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you."
This passage is known as the Great Commission, and several of Chau's friends said that more than anything else, it explained why Chau did what he did.
In the past few decades, mission work has soared. The number of American Christian missionaries going overseas has increased to around 130,000 today, from 57,000 in 1970, said Gina A. Zurlo, a research fellow at the Institute on Culture, Religion and World Affairs in Boston.
The reasons, scholars say, are the rise of evangelicalism; an increase in the number of independent churches organising their own missions; and the ease of travel.
After college, Chau hit the road. He took temporary jobs — soccer coach, wilderness guide, AmeriCorps — so he could hike, mountain climb, kayak and scuba dive, blogging all the way.
He also learned first aid and became an EMT.
In 2015, he made his first of four trips to the Andaman Island chain, basing himself in Port Blair, India, the main city.
The men at the hotel where he usually stayed said he was friendly and always requested the same room: 121, a small single with a good view.
The room where John Allen Chau routinely stayed on visits to Port Blair.Credit:Saumya Khandelwal
Preparations for his trip to North Sentinel picked up last year. He completed a summer course at the Canada Institute of Linguistics, in British Columbia, where he hunkered down in a dorm room stacked with books and jars of peanut butter, immersing himself in phonology and phonetics.
He was determined to translate the Bible into the language the people on North Sentinel speak, which has stumped anthropologists who say it is unintelligible even to people who live on nearby islands.
He told his friends that he wanted to immerse himself in the culture and stay for years.
He also reassured them he would take it slow, leaving gifts for the islanders and waiting for them to open up to him before he approached.
While he was preparing for his mission, Chau struck up a relationship with Perky Jerky, a company that gives away its product to "micro influencers." In exchange for free jerky, Chau agreed to promote Perky Jerky on social media.
He often had the boxes of Perky Jerky sent to his friend, Ramsey, whose family lived about an hour away from the linguistics school. He and Ramsey had met during a summer trip to Israel for Christian students.
While Chau did not broadcast his North Sentinel plans on social media, he revealed them to the Ramsey family.
"He was well aware of the dangers and the fact that it was not exactly legal," Ramsey said.
Ramsey's mother, who initially had misgivings, was won over and helped edit Chau's application for missionary boot camp.
An Isolated People
In a world where just about every mile is mapped, North Sentinel remains an enigma. The people there have resisted contact from outsiders for as long as there are records.
In 1880, a 19-year-old British naval officer impetuously kidnapped several islanders and brought them back to Port Blair. Some soon died and later the officer wondered if this episode had increased the islanders' hostility.
A cross on a rooftop in Port Blair, on South Andaman Island in India.Credit:Saumya Khandelwal
Around this time, the British, who were the imperial power in the region, began building up Port Blair, home to a large prison.
Vishvajit Pandya, an Indian anthropologist, said the people on North Sentinel used to trade with other islanders and possibly intermarry with them, but the British expansion disrupted those ties, isolating North Sentinel.
The population of the island has now fallen to 50 to 100, which anthropologists say could be a threat to survival.
From what anthropologists surmise, the islanders are related to other Andaman ethnic groups. All are believed to have migrated from Africa tens of thousands of years ago.
The people on North Sentinel eat fish and turtles, wear bark belts around their waists, and carry long bows to fire arrows. They have killed several outsiders, including fishermen, who have stepped on their beach.
Nevertheless, Chau was determined to go there alone.
He thought his size would make him less threatening, Ramsey said. Chau was about 5 feet, 6 inches tall and 130 pounds.
In October 2017, Chau began his missionary training at All Nations' headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. He attended lectures, spoke with anthropologists and participated in the village simulation exercise.
That exercise, said Ho of All Nations, was "designed to reflect an amalgamation of many different aspects of language and culture that a missionary might encounter on the field.''
Chau performed impressively, she said. Still, there were concerns.
His planned trip to North Sentinel had no precedent. And missionaries usually travel in teams. Others were willing to go with him, Ho said, but he refused, saying it was too dangerous.
Making Contact
Chau landed in Port Blair on October 16, travelled to another island in the Andamans and then returned to Port Blair.
There, he holed up for 11 days in a small apartment he referred to as a "safe house" in a long note police found after his death. He wrote that he never saw sunlight that whole time.
Police say he was doing this to avoid being spotted; his friends say he was trying to prevent himself from getting sick to protect the islanders, whose immune systems have been isolated so long that some experts say they could be wiped out by the common cold.
With the help of a local evangelical, Chau hired five fishermen. Their boat was a battered wooden craft about 30 feet long, with a roof made of bamboo sticks and a plastic tarp. They chugged out the night of November 14.
When they reached North Sentinel in the morning, Chau assembled a collapsible kayak because the fishermen refused to go to the island with him, insisting on staying a half-mile out.
Chau saw some islanders on the beach, paddled up to them and tried to preach, saying: "My name is John, I love you and Jesus loves you,'' according to the note. They raised their bows and he paddled back to the fishing boat.
A few hours later, he tried walking onto the beach with some gifts like scissors and safety pins.
A boy shot an arrow into a waterproof Bible he was carrying.
Another islander, a man wearing a crown possibly made of flowers, stood on a coral rock and yelled at him.
Pandya, one of the few anthropologists to have set foot on North Sentinel, said these were clear warnings.
The islanders, he said, were saying: "I don't want to engage with you, go away."
"If they were so savage," Pandya said, "they would slaughtered him straight away."
The islanders chased Chau into the surf. He saw the fishermen far away, standing in the boat, waving their arms up and down, and swam to them.
The last part of the note conveys fear. He wrote, "It almost seems like certain death to stay here."
But the next morning he insisted on sending the fishing boat away, saying in the letter he had met someone in South Africa who went through a similar experience on a different island in the Andamans and won the trust of islanders only after being dropped off by a boat.
He seemed now to be contemplating the end, writing in the note, "Remember, the first one to heaven wins."
Boats off of South Andaman Island in India.Credit:Saumya Khandelwal
The fishermen told the police the next morning that Chau swam to the island. They then went to the ocean to fish.
When they returned to North Sentinel a day later to check on him, they saw a group of islanders on the beach dragging Chau's body with a rope.
All five fishermen have been arrested, along with two others, accused of helping lead Chau to his death.
"I am frustrated hearing John's name," said Naw Halen, the wife of one of the fishermen. "He has filled my family with sorrow for our whole life."
In American missionary circles, his death hit like a shock wave.
"I don't question his motivation, I question his methods," said Richard Albert Mohler Jr., the president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky.
Members of the Ramsey family gathered in their living room, read through Chau's last letter and cried.
But they said they did not feel guilty.
"I don't," Ramsey said. "He had a higher calling that he was following. I don't have any regrets."
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