The Brit stormed to first place on the grid for Sunday's race as his team-mate Valtteri Bottas qualified in second place.
It was Mercedes' 84th pole in the last 100 races, marking the start of the V6 turbo-hybrid era. Hamilton has taken 52 of those and won 50 of the last 99 GPs.
He spent time stroking his F1 car before shaking the hands of Sebastian Vettel's Ferrari mechanics.
He said: "It's quite an emotional qualifying session for me because it's the last one with this car.
"I'm probably the closest I've been to a car. It's been an emotional rollercoaster. To go out there and push yourself, there's no better feeling.
"I never say there is a perfect lap, the first lap wasn't spectacular, the last one started off calm and then got more and more aggressive."
Vettel, who will start in third place, added: "I enjoyed the session. I improved but not enough to be a threat."
Fernando Alonso qualified in 15th place for his final grand prix as he leaves F1 after 18 years.
The Spaniard, who will race in IndyCar, out qualified his team-mate Stoffel Vandoorne 21-0 this season.
Meanwhile, Force India have been cleared to race in the season finale after the sport's governing body threw out the Haas team's protest about the legality of their rival's car.
The row stemmed over whether the current Racing Point Force India was in breach of the rules as it had been designed during the team's previous guise, Sahara Force India before it was taken over.
Force India principal Otmar Szafnauer snapped back at the US team, who received a big helping hand from Ferrari when they joined the sport, and accused them of "hypocrisy".
He said: "I don't understand how they were claiming that they're trying to get equality by claiming that we're not a constructor when we clearly are.
"We design and make more parts than most teams, maybe a hundredfold more than Haas do.
"The irony and hypocrisy of it is they are protesting us, saying that we're not a constructor, when we are the definition of a constructor, and they aren't.
"Andy Green and Akio Haga and Ian Hall and Dan Carpenter, those are the guys that designed it, and guess what, they work for us!"
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