The little boy picked up the balloon, put it in his mouth and then accidentally swallowed it while on a walk with his nursery school in Russia.
The youngster, named only as Andrey, immediately started to feel unwell and then lost consciousness following the incident.
It is believed that the nursery team did not realise at first what was wrong with Andrey.
They called an ambulance to take him to hospital, the city of Tyumen in south-central Russia' Tyumen Oblast region.
Doctors discovered and removed the object but Andrey's condition deteriorated and he fell into a coma.
After six weeks in a coma, his condition as critical and say he has suffered brain damage to his cerebral cortex, say medics.
They are doing their best to revive him but say there is no known way of restoring a damaged cerebral cortex.
Police have launched an investigation into the incident and are considering criminal charges against staff at the nursery.
Meanwhile Andrey's family is trying to find a private clinic to treat him in the hope they might find a way of reviving the boy.
The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language and consciousness.
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